Yanzu na titaniam yana da matattafin tsotsi a fagenin tallafawa mai zurfi, tare da ma'ana mai zafi wanda ya kawo shi bisa wani duka: yanzu na gama-gari ya fi steel ta hanyar 40% yayin da ke tafiye 45% sauƙi, ya durcewa kan katattan kimiya ko yankin ruwa, kuma yanzu na biomedicine ya ba shi damar haɗawa da juyawa na insanin baya lafiya. A cikin shekaru iri dekada, waɗannan abubuwan sun kawo shi matsayin abin baya iya canzawa a cikin sarari: masu ingginar sama suna amfani da yanzu na titaniam kamar Ti-6Al-4V don fan blade na jet engine wanda ke durce sa’annin da suka tafi 500°C da alhakin girma, yayin da masu maganin juyawa suna amfani da rashin aiki na yanzu don fitowa zuwa har kai da har gurji wanda zai iya kasancewa 20 shekaru ko fiye a juyawa na insanin. Amma amfani da shi a wasu yanayi ana kasa kansa ta hanyar batutuwa masu mahimmanci: tsarin tallafawa na zaman kansu—kamar forging, casting, da CNC machining—sun kawo 70-80% na gama-gari. Gama-garin titaniam na zaman, wanda aka fi sani da rutile, yana buƙatar tallafawa mai yawa don samun titaniam sponge mai zurfi, kuma yin shape na gama-gari zuwa kayan aiki na farko yana kawo kuturu mai yawa. Wannan rashin aiki, tare da karamar titaniam a duniya due to karin buƙatar aerospace, ya kawo farashin sai 30 dolar per pound, wanda ya kasa shi a cikin sarari masu mahimmanci kuma ya sa yanayin kamar consumer electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), da energy mai zurfi ba su iya amfani da fa'idatai
Amma, sababbin kayan ayyukan ilmin nauyi na tsarin zana (AM) sun koshi wannan abin da aka yarda shi ne. Technologies na 3D printing—kamar yadda aka fi fahimta Selective Laser Melting (SLM) da Binder Jetting (BJ)—sun baya su dabi'un halayya ta hanyar imbin kansu na kayan titanium masu tsirnawa, wato kayan da ba za su karɓe koƙin koƙin, kamar yadda ya ke da adadin ƙasa mai gabaɗaya 10%. SLM, wani dabi'a na tsarin fusion na powder bed, yana amfani da laser mai tsafi mai tsafi (masu sarari 200-400 watts) don taimaka sauya sauya kwayoyin titanium layer by layer, sannan yana kirkirar kayi masu inganci na ±0.1mm. Wannan dabi'a tana iya kirkirar kayan da ke da girman girman (hanya zuwa 99.9%) masu tsirnawa masu tsirnawa, kamar misalai masu tsirnawa da ke karkashin cancanci na iyakokin insan (cancancin 30-70%) don kawo osseointegration, ko nozzles na takama’a na aerospace masu tsarin cooling interior wanda ba za a iya tsara shi ta hanyar tsarin machining na zaman lafiya. Binder Jetting, bisa ga haka, yana ba da tsarin da ke iya karbar kari: yana nema binder na polymer na ruwa akan takardar powder na titanium don kirkirar “green” parts, wanda sannan ake canza shi da sintering a cikin furnace mai girman girman don samun girman girman. Wannan tsarin yana 3-5 shekaru mai kyau karfi dari SLM kuma yana da mahimmanci sosai don production mai girman girman, yayin da yake da mahimmanci sosai don kayan otomotiva kamar EV battery housing brackets ko kayan aerospace kamar wing ribs.
Wannan iko yana da matuƙar tarihi ga al’alummai da ke buƙata gyara, sakawa mai gudu ko koyaushe na dizain. A cikin biomedisin, babban kayan dawo Zimmer Biomet yana amfani da SLM don produce kayan aikin kwayarwa ta hanyar CT na mayarwa, wadanda suka da textures na aswada da ke kara tacewar kwayarwa, wanda ya samu sakawa mai gudu na 25% kuma yana kare matsalolin bayan aiki na kusan 40% dibu da kayan aikin da aka yi sosai. A cikin sama, Boeing taru da yawa da 600 na titanium brackets da aka fitar da 3D a cikin 787 Dreamliner, kowanne yana mai gudu 30% karanci dukiyar steel components da suka dace. Wannan sakawa mai gudu yana nufi canjin kuduren kankaru na 1.5% — wani abubu da yawa ga al’alummai masu saukin kuduren kankaru. Hakanan a cikin teknoloji na mutum, al’alummai suna kara: G-Shock na Casio yana ba da ukuwa da AM titanium cases waɗanda suke mai gudu 20% karanci dukiyar stainless steel version har ma suke 30% kyau na kara kari, kuma shagon teknoloji na Tsini Xiaomi ya amfani da BJ-printed titanium don frame na Mix Fold 3 smartphone, wanda ya kama kyaukaka da kyakkyawa. Ga wannan al’alummai, AM bai sauki titanium kawai ba—tunawa da yawa daga cikin dizain da ba a iya samunsa a baya ba.
Abin da ke tsarkake ayyukan wannan canje-canji shine kama-girma na abubuwan titanium—wanda ke nuna iko na AM. Wasu abubuwan titanium na farko sun kasance da kayayyakin da ba su dace ba, suna da waniyar girman zafi-zafi, sun ce amfani da rashin dacewar tafiya da rashin dacewar neti na gano. A yau, abokan inganci kamar atomatization na plasma da atomatization na gas sun yi magana kan spheroidization na abubuwa, suna samar da zafi-zafi mai sauƙi da kayayya waɗanda suka tafi daidai cikin masin AM. Abokan sayenshin da ke mahara girman zafi-zafi yanzu suna ba da izinin mahara kan girman zafi-zafi (masu dada 15–45μm don SLM), suna kiyaye densiti na kire-daidai kuma suna kare wasu kuskuren gano kamar porosity. Hakanan, samun abubuwan titanium da aka sake amfani da su—daga CNC machining scrap, aerospace offcuts, kuma wasu medical devices da aka fitar, sun kiyaye abubuwan biyan kusurori da sustainability. Masu siyasa kamar Kyhe Technology sun kafa buƙatar sake amfani da scrap zuwa abubuwan AM mai yawa, suna kare biyan abubuwa ta hanyar 40–60% kuma suna kare tonoyin metal daga landfills, suna daidaita da rashin nau'ikan duniya.
Ko da yake, yawancin alaƙa sun tsaya wanda ke cira AM na titanum. Yawa mai kyau na titanum da oksijin yana nufin buƙatar printa a argon ko nitrogen inert atmospheres, wanda ya richa wasan abubuwan da ke da kudaden girma don iyakar oksijin mai girmama (daban-daban 0.1%). Matakan bayan printa kuma sun tsaya a hanyar magana: yawa daga cikin abubuwan AM na titanum suna buƙata tacewa don rage karfama mai zurfi, sannan an shigar da makina ko kura don samun sharin sharin surface—matakai waɗanda za su iya yi 30–50% na kowane lokaci da kudaden production. A kuma, inganta kwaliti kuma ta tsaya abin magana, saboda kuskuren keɓaɓen kamar microcracks zasu iya kullewa aikin abu, wanda ya richa kayan aikin masu inganci kamar computed tomography (CT) scanning.
Ayyukan sarrafa yanzu sun dogara kan kawo halayyen da ke iya haɗawa don saukace sadarwar AM duka. Ma'alumatin larabci suna kawo alloyin titanium masu kimia mai bedda don reduce sensitivity oxygen, yayin da yadda tsarin AI-driven process monitoring suna amfani da bayanin sensor na real-time don gano da sake wakiltar kuskure a lokacin print. Shakillar kamar EOS suna kawo halayyen “print-to-part” wanda ke haɗawa masin AM da modules masu iko a gaba, kawo sadarwar production mai kyau. Idan haka zai, alƙawar takamaiman kamar ASTM International suna yi aiki don kawo ma'auni guda iyaka ga abubuwan AM titanium powder da parts, don kawo taimako ga shakillar.
Yanayin halin yanzu shine: yayin da wadannan teknologijoyi sun kama, za suka canza zuwa aikawa mai yawa na alloon taytanium. A cikin wasan kuskuren batare, an kama AM taytanium ya ban kwana abari na batare, zai ƙara range ba tare da sauya amintamawa ba. A cikin tattalin arziki na gona, zai kama komponen da ba za a iya kulle ba ga turbin na sama na karkashin ruwa. Wannan abin da aka yi amfanin shi ne sabon abu daga aljana ta al'umma shine za a samuwa shi ne a matsayin kayan aikin tsarin faburika na zamani—ta amfani da AM don karfi da kayan irin baki don noma. Babban babban taytanium ba tare da hanya mai kyau kawai ba, amma wajen gina tsarin aikin mai karfi, mai dabara.
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